Tuesday 7 January 2020

Reducing air temperatures by reducing carbon dioxide

One can reduce carbon dioxide levels locally and thereby reduce air temperatures by reducing downwelling sky radiation - see https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-carbon-dioxide-domes-affect-health/ 
If one reduces carbon dioxide levels in the air above Australia then air temperatures will be reduced and fire danger will also be reduced. Cooling air increases the relative humidity and chances of relief rain. 
Taking CO2 out of the air: Here is some mathematics for all: Basalt has a density of about 3 tonnes per cubic metre.
A 1 mm thick layer of basalt spread over an area of 1 square km has a volume of (1/1000)x(1000)x(1000) = 1000 cubic metres.
Mass of 1 mm thick basalt layer on 1 square km = volumexdensity = (1000 cubic metres)x(3 tonnes per cubic metre) =3000 tonnes.
1 tonne of basalt can react with about 0.3 tonnes of CO2.
Therefore 3000 tones of basalt can react with about 3000x0.3 = 900 tonnes of CO2.
In a cubic metre of air in a polluted city there could be about 900 tonnes of CO2 in a cubic km.
Conclusion: A 1 mm thick layer of basalt could take out all the CO2 for a km above the basalt layer. Powdered basalt should be used to make the reaction thousands of times faster.
See https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/oman/oman-rocks-to-help-fight-global-warming-1.1810841 and
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/olivine-weathering-to-capture-co2-and-counter-climate-change.html and
https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/02/spreading-crushed-rock-on-farms-could-improve-soil-and-lower-co₂/ and
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20022018/global-warming-solutions-carbon-storage-farm-soil-crushed-volcanic-rock-research

Rain enhancement by evaporative cooling

It has been suggested that power barges be used to supply electricity to South Africa - we order them, they set up along the coast and plug into our grid to provide power. Now we could also use pumps and tall pipes on power barges to pump water 200 m up and let it fall as spray back to the sea. This could humidify  the air near coastal cities. Some power barges have over 100 MW in power and with only 20 MW of power one could pump 20 000 tonnes of water up to a height of 200 m in a hour. One only needs about 1000 tonnes of water to evaporate in a cubic km to produce significant humidification. When the humidified air blows  to a city via sea breezes it will be cleaner and cooler and could bring rain.
BOM (Bureau Of Meteorology, Australia) contacted me to say I had obviously put a lot of thought into my idea of cooling and humidifying air over the sea near coastal cities. They have not said they are considering it as a viable method, but my belief is that if they can use pumps on power barges to increase the relative humidity of a region from ocean surface to 200 m above the ocean, then they will increase chances of rain a lot (there are terrible fires and heat waves in Australia). The cooled layer will eventually heat up via infrared radiation from the sea if the air is calm (seawater has a high emissivity and radiates infrared well). So we can create a moist layer of air 200 m deep with a dryer layer of air above.
If you have the humidified layer at the same temperature as the dry layer above, parcels from the humidified layer will rise (moist air is less dense than drier air). When the air mass (moist layer and drier layer above) blows to land via sea breezes and rises, the moist layer becomes saturated more quickly than the dry layer as both layers rise and cool (cooling on rising is how rain occurs). When the bottom moist layer becomes saturated it cools at about 5 deg C for every km rise (the saturated adiabatic lapse rate). The dry layer above cools at 9.8 deg C for every km rise (the dry adiabatic lapse rate) so that the layer above becomes cooler and more dense than the moist layer below. So parcels from the lower moist layer rise, through the denser and cooler layer above, for considerable distances, creating rain under suitable conditions.